Material Properties

This material properties database was developed by Andy Farke. Please read the primary reference before using these data.

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amphbians
fish
reptiles
birds
monotremes
marsupials
rodents
rabbits
ungulates
primates
cetaceans
pinnipeds
           
         

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Amphibians
Amblystoma tigrinum
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Hellbender
E = 18100
   
Erickson & Keaveny, 2002
bone; femur      
Cryptobranchus alleganiensis
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Hellbender
E = 22300
   
bone; femur      

Fish

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Polypterus sp.
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Birchir
E = 17600
    
bone; pelvic metapterygia      
Lepomis macrochirus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Bluegill sunfish
E = 1000
    
fin ray; whole composite structure      
Lepomis macrochirus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Bluegill sunfish
E = 0.3 to 1
   
fin ray membrane      

 

Reptiles

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Alligator missippiensis
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
American alligator
E = 24000
   
bone; unknown      
Alligator missippiensis
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
American alligator
E = 12020
   
cortical bone; femur        
Crocodylus sp.
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Crocodile
E = 5630
   
cortical bone; femur        
Geochelone niger
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Galapagos tortoise
E = 10030
   
cortical bone; femur, fibula, humerus        
Geochelone niger
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Galapagos tortoise
E = 13780
   
cortical bone; femur, fibula        
Macroclemys temminckii
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Alligator snapping turtle
E = 22000
   
bone; unknown      
Macroclemys temminckii
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Alligator snapping turtle
E = 14090
   
cortical bone; femur        
Varanus exanthematicus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Savanah monitor
E = 22800
   
bone; femur      

Birds

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Aptenodytes patagomicus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
King penguin
E = 19470
   
bone; humerus        
Aptenodytes patagomicus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
King penguin
E = 22130
   
bone; humerus        
Spheniscus demersus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Blackfooted penguin
E = 19720
   
bone; radius, humerus        

Monotremes

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Tachyglossus aculeatus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Short-beaked echidna
E = 24800
   
bone;femur      

Marsupials

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Didelphis marsupialis
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Common opossum
E = 23900
   
bone;femur      
unknown
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Wallaby
E = 18700
    
cortical bone; femur, tibia        
unknown
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Wallaby
E = 19340
   
cortical bone; femur        

Rodents

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Rattus norvegicus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Brown rat
E = 26000
   
bone; femur      

Rabbits

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Oryctolagus cuniculus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Domestic rabbit
E = 1.46
   
suture; premaxillo-maxillary      
Oryctolagus cuniculus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Domestic rabbit
E = 1.2
   
suture; nasofrontal      
Oryctolagus cuniculus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Domestic rabbit
E = 1.16
   
suture; zygomaticotemporal      
Oryctolagus cuniculus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Domestic rabbit
E = 2.07
   
suture mineralization front; premaxillo-maxillary      
Oryctolagus cuniculus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Domestic rabbit
E = 1.56
   
suture mineralization front; nasofrontal      
Oryctolagus cuniculus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Domestic rabbit
E = 1.71
   
suture mineralization front; zygomaticotemporal      

Ungulates

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Alces alces
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Moose
E = 11600
   
cortical bone; antler      
Axis axis
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Chital deer
E = 11600
   
cortical bone; antler      
Axis porcinus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Hog deer
E = 12700
   
cortical bone; antler      
Bos taurus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Cow
E = 31330
   
cortical bone; femur        
Bos taurus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Cow
E = 18490
   
cortical bone; femur, tibia        
Capreolus capreolus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Roe deer
E = 2200
   
cortical bone; antler      
Capreolus capreolus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Roe deer
E = 2230
   
cortical bone; antler        
Capreolus capreolus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Roe deer
E = 20210
   
cortical bone;femur        
Capreolus capreolus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Roe deer
E = 19050
   
cortical bone; femur        
Cervus elaphus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Red deer
E = 7400
   
cortical bone; antler      
Cervus elaphus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Red deer
E = 7270
   
cortical bone;antler        
Cervus elaphus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Red deer
E = 6710
   
cortical bone; femur        
Cervus nippon
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Sika deer
E = 13700
   
cortical bone; antler      
Dama dama
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Fallow deer
E = 26840
   
cortical bone; tibia        
Dama dama
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Fallow deer
E = 28250
   
cortical bone; tibia        
Equus asinus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Donkey
E = 17570
   
cortical bone; radius        
Equus asinus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Donkey
E = 15880
   
cortical bone; radius        
Equus caballus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Horse
E = 21220
   
cortical bone; femur        
Equus caballus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Horse
E = 25670
   
cortical bone; femur        
Muntjacus muntjac
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Muntjac
E = 11400
   
cortical bone; antler        
Odocoileus virginianus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
White-tailed deer
E = 6800
   
cortical bone; antler      
Ovis aires
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Sheep
E = 18950
   
cortical bone; antler        
Ovis aires
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Sheep
E = 452
   
cortical bone; distal femur        
Rangifer tarandus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Caribou
E = 6400
   
cortical bone; antler      
Rangifer tarandus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Caribou
E = 6410
   
cortical bone; antler        
Rangifer tarandus
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Caribou
E = 6480
   
cortical bone; antler        
Sus scofra
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Domestic Pig
E = 615
   
bone; parietal      
Sus scofra
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Domestic Pig
E = 1371.4
   
bone; parietal      
Sus scofra
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Domestic Pig
E = 194.2
   
bone; coronal suture      
Sus scofra
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Domestic Pig
E = 610.3
   
bone; coronal suture      
Sus scofra
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Domestic Pig
E = 171.5
   
bone; coronal suture      
Sus scofra
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Domestic Pig
E = 809
   
bone; parietal      

Primates

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Homo sapiens
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Human
E = 774
   
Trabecular bone: distal femur      
Homo sapiens
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Shear Modulus (Mpa)
Poisson's ratio
Density (kg/m3)
Human
E1= 13100
G12: 4600   v12: 0.47 v23: 0.23
= 1810
Cortical bone: parietal
E2 = 14100
G13: 5100 G23: 6800 v13: 0.22 v31: 0.33
Source
E3 = 20300
    v21: 0.48 v32: 0.33
Homo sapiens
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Shear Modulus (Mpa)
Poisson's ratio
Density (kg/m3)
Human
E1= 12500
G12: 4300   v12: 0.43 v23: 0.24
= 1780
Cortical bone: frontal
E2 = 14300
G13: 4600 G23: 6400 v13: 0.23 v31: 0.34
Source
E3 = 19400
    v21: 0.48 v32: 0.31
Homo sapiens
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Shear Modulus (Mpa)
Poisson's ratio
Density (kg/m3)
Human
E1= 13500
G12: 4900 v12: 0.40 v23: 0.26
= 1860
E2 = 15800
G13: 5200 G23: 7000 v13: 0.24 v31: 0.35
Source
Cortical bone: occipital
E3 = 20600
    v21: 0.45 v32: 0.32
Homo sapiens
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Shear Modulus (Mpa)
Poisson's ratio
Density (kg/m3)
Human
E1= 13400
G12: 4700 v12: 0.52 v23: 0.20
= 1870
Cortical bone: temporal
E2 = 14000
G13: 5300 G23: 7100 v13: 0.19 v31: 0.30
Source
 
E3 = 23400
    v21: 0.50 v32: 0.32
Homo sapiens
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Shear Modulus (Mpa)
Poisson's ratio
Density (kg/m3)
Human
E1= 10400
G12: 3400 v12: 0.48 v23: 0.20
= 1650
Cortical bone: zygoma
E2 = 11700
G13: 3700 G23: 5500 v13: 0.19 v31: 0.35
Source
 
E3 = 19600
    v21: 0.50 v32: 0.32
Homo sapiens
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Shear Modulus (Mpa)
Poisson's ratio
Density (kg/m3)
Human
E1= 13000
G12: 4500 G31:4900 v12: 0.47 v23: 0.23
= 1805
Cortical bone: cranial vault
E2 = 14300
  G23: 6700 v13: 0.22  
Source
 
E3 = 19900
       
Homo sapiens
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Shear Modulus (Mpa)
Poisson's ratio
Density (kg/m3)
Human
E1= 12400
G12: 4300 G31:4800 v12: 0.46 v23: 0.23
= 1766
Cortical bone: supraorbital torus
E2 = 13800
   G23: 6400 v13: 0.20  
Source
 
E3 = 19200
       
Homo sapiens
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Shear Modulus (Mpa)
Poisson's ratio
Density (kg/m3)
Human
E1= 11500
G12: 4000 G31:4500 v12: 0.51 v23: 0.18
= 1753
Cortical bone: zygomatic
E2 = 12000
  G23: 6100 v13: 0.17  
Source
 
E3 = 22000
       
Homo sapiens
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Shear Modulus (Mpa)
Poisson's ratio
Density (kg/m3)
Human
E1= 9800
G12: 3300 G31:3800 v12: 0.40 v23: 0.47
= 1667
Cortical bone: alveolus
E2 = 9000
  G23: 4600 v13: 0.32  
Source
 
E3 = 17700
        Wang et al., 2006
Homo sapiens
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Shear Modulus (Mpa)
Poisson's ratio
Density (kg/m3)
Human
E1= 11700
G12: 3600 G31:4100 v12: 0.38 v23: 0.52
= 1785
Cortical bone: muzzle
E2 = 12200
  G23: 5700 v13: 0.31  
Source
 
E3 = 22000
       
Macaca fasicularis
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Crab-eating macaque
E = 9100
   
bone; zygomatic arch        
Macaca fasicularis
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Crab-eating macaque
E = 11000
   
bone; zygomatic arch        
Macaca fasicularis
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Crab-eating macaque
E = 1900
   
bone; zygomaticotemporal suture        
Macaca fasicularis
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Source
Crab-eating macaque
E = 7700
   
bone; zygomaticotemporal suture        
Macaca mulatta
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Shear Modulus (Mpa)
Poisson's ratio
Density (kg/m3)
Rhesus macaque
E1= 10200
G12: 4200 G31: 5300 v12: 0.41 v23: 0.18
= 1699
Cortical bone: cranial vault
E2 = 13300
  G23: 7600 v13: 0.27  
Source
 
E3 = 17000
       
Macaca mulatta
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Shear Modulus (Mpa)
Poisson's ratio
Density (kg/m3)
Rhesus macaque
E1= 9700
G12: 3800 G31: 4900 v12: 0.39 v23: 0.20
= 1513
Cortical bone: supraorbital torus
E2 = 10400
  G23: 5500 v13: 0.19  
Source
 
E3 = 13700
       
Macaca mulatta
Elastic Modulus (Mpa)
Shear Modulus (Mpa)
Poisson's ratio
Density (kg/m3)
Rhesus macaque
E1= 8600
G12: 3700